EC Cryptography Tutorials - Herong's Tutorial Examples - v1.02, by Dr. Herong Yang
Modular Arithmetic Reduction on Rational Numbers
This section describes how to perform Modular Arithmetic Reduction on Rational Numbers, which is equivalent to perform modular multiplication of the numerator and the multiplicative inverse of the denominator.
Before we do any testing on the point addition operation reduced by modular arithmetic of prime number p, we need to describe how to perform modular reduction on rational numbers:
Modular reduction on a rational number can be expressed as: d = r (mod p), where r is a rational number Since any rational number can be expressed as a result of the division operation of two integers: r = i/j (i is the numerator and j is denominator) We can rewrite the rational number reduction expression as: d = i/j (mod p) or d = i * (1/j) (mod p) If we introduce t as 1/j, we can calculate d in 2 steps: Which is equivalent of: t = 1/j (mod p) (13) d = i * t (mod p) (14) If we convert (13) into a multiplication operation, we have: j * t = 1 (mod p) (15) d = i * t (mod p) (14) Since modular reduction is associative to multiplication, we can reduce i, j and t first so that: j * t = 1 (mod p) (15) d = i * t (mod p) (14) where 0 <= i, j, t, d < p
In modular arithmetic, we say t is the multiplicative inverse of j, if:
j * t = 1 (mod p) (15)
So performing modular reduction on a rational number reduction:
d = r (mod p), where r is a rational number, or d = i/j (mod p) (i is the numerator and j is denominator)
Is equivalent to perform modular multiplication of the numerator and the multiplicative inverse of the denominator:
j * t = 1 (mod p) (15) d = i * t (mod p) (14) where 0 <= i, j, t, d < p
For example:
Given r = 1/4, what is d = r (mod 23)? d = r (mod 23) d = 1/4 (mod 23) d = 6, because 4*6 = 1 (mod 23) Given r = 2/3, what is d = r (mod 23)? d = r (mod 23) d = 2/3 (mod 23) d = 2 * 1/3 (mod 23) d = 2 * 8 (mod 23), because 3*8 = 1 (mod 23) d = 16
Actually, calculating the modular multiplicative inverse of an integer is not that easy when the modulo p is large. We need to use the "extended Euclidean algorithm" to get it done as described in "Elliptic Curve Cryptography: finite fields and discrete logarithms" by Andrea Corbellini at andrea.corbellini.name/2015/05/23 /elliptic-curve-cryptography-finite-fields-and-discrete-logarithms/.
Table of Contents
Geometric Introduction to Elliptic Curves
Algebraic Introduction to Elliptic Curves
Abelian Group and Elliptic Curves
Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP)
Generators and Cyclic Subgroups
►Reduced Elliptic Curve Groups
Converting Elliptic Curve Groups
Elliptic Curves in Integer Space
Python Program for Integer Elliptic Curves
Elliptic Curves Reduced by Modular Arithmetic
Python Program for Reduced Elliptic Curves
Point Pattern of Reduced Elliptic Curves
Integer Points of First Region as Element Set
Reduced Point Additive Operation
►Modular Arithmetic Reduction on Rational Numbers
Reduced Point Additive Operation Improved
What Is Reduced Elliptic Curve Group
Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E23(1,4)
Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E97(-1,1)
Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E127(-1,3)
Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E1931(443,1045)
Finite Elliptic Curve Group, Eq(a,b), q = p^n
tinyec - Python Library for ECC
ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) Key Exchange
ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm)