Android ASP Astrology Bitcoin Blowfish Built-in C# Calendar CD-DVD Chinese Cryptography DES Encoding Ethereum Flash GB2312 General H Herong History HTML Java JavaScript JDBC JSP JVM Linux Molecule Movie Music MySQL Neural Network Perl PHP Physics PKI Publication Python Reference REST SOAP Sorting Swing TV Series UML Unicode VBScript Web Web-Services Windows WSDL XML XMLPad XSD XSL-FO

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What Is Gopher
This section provides a quick introduction of the Gopher protocol that allows distributed documents to be linked and presented as a hierarchy of items and directories. 2023-05-27, 1693👍, 3💬

💬 2023-05-27 Harshita: This is very easy

💬 2018-12-08 Herong: Agree. Gopher was so easy to use with a keyboard on a text screen ☺

💬 2018-12-06 me: so nice piece of history, thx

Compilation and Execution Process of C Programs
This section describes steps of the compilation and execution process of C programs: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, linking and loading. 2023-04-16, 82795👍, 29💬

💬 2023-04-16 Tasaduk: Great it was easy for me to understand on your site thanks once again

💬 2021-07-28 jungkook jeon: very helpful. thank u so much for your explanation

💬 2021-02-14 Herong: Theo, thanks for the nice comment!

💬 2021-02-05 Theo Bruelhart: Dr. Herong Yang: I do appreciate the clarity and simplicity of your explanation. Thank you!

💬 2019-04-08 A compiler is a special program: aler(1);

(More comments ...)

Computer History Notes - Herong's Tutorial Notes
This book is a collection of notes on computer history. Topics include: 1957: FORTRAN Language by IBM; 1970: UNIX OS by AT&T Bell Labs; 1971: FTP by Abhay Bhushan; 1972: C Language by Dennis Ritchie; 1976: vi Editor by Bill Joy; 1977: Apple II by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak; 1977: The Bourn... 2022-10-01, 634👍, 0💬

Tcsh Shell Script File Examples
This section provides some Tcsh script file examples. 2022-10-01, 447👍, 0💬

FORTRAN 66 - Example Program Code
This section provides a simple example program code of FORTRAN 66 language. 2022-10-01, 399👍, 0💬

Apple II Different Models
This section provides an example of Apple II different models - Apple II, Apple II+, Apple IIe, Apple IIc and Apple IIGS. 2022-10-01, 326👍, 0💬

TCC - Tiny C Compiler
This section provides a quick introduction of Tiny C Compiler developed by Fabrice Bellard in 2002. 2022-10-01, 285👍, 0💬

1991 - WWW (World Wide Web) Developed by Tim Berners-Lee
This chapter provides some history of WWW (World Wide Web), developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in 1991. 2022-10-01, 253👍, 0💬

Fortran 90 - Example Program Code
This section provides a simple example program code of Fortran 90 language. 2022-10-01, 236👍, 0💬

What Is C Language
This section provides a quick introduction of C language, a general purpose and procedural programming language that supports memory address pointers and dynamic memory allocation. 2022-10-01, 204👍, 0💬

What Is Tcsh
This section provides a quick introduction of Tcsh - C shell with file name completion and command line editing. 2022-10-01, 190👍, 0💬

Sample C Program for Arrays and Pointers
This section provides a sample C program using arrays and pointers. strdel(str,n,l) is function that deletes l characters at position n from str. 2022-10-01, 188👍, 0💬

Apple Writer - The Most Popular Word Processor
This section describes Apple Writer, the most popular word processor on Apple II computers, developed by Paul Lutus and released in 1979. 2022-10-01, 187👍, 0💬

Introduction of PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
This section provides a quick introduction of PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, which was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. PHP is now a widely-used general-purpose scripting language. 2022-10-01, 182👍, 0💬

Mozilla Firefox - The Most Popular Open Source Web Browser
This section provides a quick history of Mozilla Firefox, the most popular open source Web browser originally developed by Dave Hyatt and Blake Ross, and released in 2004. 2022-10-01, 180👍, 0💬

1977 - The Bourne Shell Developed by Stephen Bourne
This chapter provides some history of Bourne Shell developed by Stephen Bourne in 1977 for Unix systems. 2022-10-01, 175👍, 0💬

1957 - FORTRAN Language Developed by IBM
This chapter provides some history of FORTRAN language developed by a team of IBM employees led by John Backus in 1957 2022-10-01, 172👍, 0💬

Apple II - The First Personal Computer
This section provides a quick introduction of Apple II, the world's first personal computer designed and built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. 2022-10-01, 172👍, 0💬

1978 - The C Shell Developed by Bill Joy
This chapter provides some history of C Shell developed by Bill Joy in 1978 for Unix systems command syntaxes modeled after the C language. 2022-10-01, 172👍, 0💬

1971 - FTP Protocol Created by Abhay Bhushan
This chapter provides some history of the FTP (File Transfer Protocol) created by Abhay Bhushan in 1971 in RFC 114 - 'A File Transfer Protocol' to be used on the NCP (Network Control Protocol) network. 2022-10-01, 171👍, 0💬

VisiCalc - The First Spreadsheet Application
This section provides an introduction of VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet application, for Apple II computers, developed by Dan Bricklin and released in 1979 2022-10-01, 171👍, 0💬

System Software - The Original Mac OS Operating System
This section provides a quick introduction of the original Macintosh, the first commercial personal computer with GUI (Graphical User Interface) developed by Apple Inc. in 1984. 2022-10-01, 170👍, 0💬

1991 - Gopher Protocol Created by a University of Minnesota Team
This chapter provides some history of the Gopher protocol and server/client programs created by Mark McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Dan Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the University of Minnesota in 1991. 2022-10-01, 170👍, 0💬

1972 - C Language Developed by Dennis Ritchie
This chapter provides some history of C programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. 2022-10-01, 167👍, 0💬

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Android ASP Astrology Bitcoin Blowfish Built-in C# Calendar CD-DVD Chinese Cryptography DES Encoding Ethereum Flash GB2312 General H Herong History HTML Java JavaScript JDBC JSP JVM Linux Molecule Movie Music MySQL Neural Network Perl PHP Physics PKI Publication Python Reference REST SOAP Sorting Swing TV Series UML Unicode VBScript Web Web-Services Windows WSDL XML XMLPad XSD XSL-FO