This section provides a tutorial example on how to share application data by multiple threads. Data sharing allows multiple threads to work together on a single large task.
Threads of the same running program not only share CPU time, they also share
the same memory space that allocated to the program. This is different than
multiple programs running at the operating system level, where memory space
can not be shared by different running programs.
Sharing the same memory space among many threads is a very nice feature.
It allows threads working on the same set of data to accomplish a big task
together. But it can also be a trouble maker, because the execution speed
of each thread can not be managed. There is no way to know which thread
is the first one to reach the data, and which one will be the next one.
The following program shows that how multiple threads can work together
to calculate how many weekdays in each year for 2000 years starting
from year 2000. In this program, an array, y_days, is declared as static,
so it can be shared by all the threads to store the calculated result,
the number of weekdays of a specific year.
/**
* WeekDayCounter.java
* Copyright (c) 2002 by Dr. Herong Yang
*/
import java.util.*;
class WeekDayCounter extends Thread {
private static final int t_maxi = 5; // maximum number of threads
private static int t_last = -1; // index of the last thread
private int t_indx; // index of this thread
private static int[] t_year = new int[t_maxi];
private static boolean[] t_done = new boolean[t_maxi];
private static final int y_maxi = 2000; // maximum number of years
private static final int s_year = 2000; // starting year
private static int[] y_days = new int[y_maxi]; // weekdays
private static int[] y_logs = new int[y_maxi]; // tracking the thread
public static void main(String[] a) {
for (int i=0; i<y_maxi; i++) {
y_days[i] = 0;
y_logs[i] = 0;
}
for (int i=0; i<t_maxi; i++) {
WeekDayCounter t = new WeekDayCounter();
t.start();
}
System.out.print("Thread: ");
for (int i=0; i<t_maxi; i++) {
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
Date t1 = new Date();
while(true) {
System.out.print("\n Year: ");
boolean done = true;
for (int i=0; i<t_maxi; i++) {
System.out.print(t_year[i]+" ");
done = done && t_done[i];
}
if (done) break;
try {
sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Interrupted.");
}
}
Date t2 = new Date();
System.out.println("\nTime = "+(t2.getTime()-t1.getTime()));
System.out.println("Year, Threads");
for (int y=s_year; y<s_year+y_maxi; y++) {
if (y_logs[y-s_year]>1) {
System.out.println(y+", "+y_logs[y-s_year]);
}
}
}
public WeekDayCounter() {
t_last++;
t_indx = t_last;
t_done[t_indx] = false;
t_year[t_indx] = 0;
}
public void run() {
GregorianCalendar c = new GregorianCalendar();
for (int y=s_year; y<s_year+y_maxi; y++) {
t_year[t_indx] = y;
if (y_days[y-s_year]==0) {
y_days[y-s_year] = -1;
c.clear();
c.set(y,0,1); // first day of the year
int n = 0;
while (c.get(Calendar.YEAR)<=y) {
if (c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)==Calendar.MONDAY) n++;
if (c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)==Calendar.TUESDAY) n++;
if (c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)==Calendar.WEDNESDAY) n++;
if (c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)==Calendar.THURSDAY) n++;
if (c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)==Calendar.FRIDAY) n++;
c.add(Calendar.DATE,1);
}
y_days[y-s_year] = n;
y_logs[y-s_year] += 1;
}
}
t_done[t_indx] = true;
}
}
When threads are launched, they will all start to work on one year at
time, beginning with the same starting year, 2000. Without any coordination,
they will all work on year 2000, then 2001. This is not what we want.
We need to tell each thread to skip the year if another thread has already
finished calculation for that year. This is done by initialize y_days with 0
for all the years at the beginning of the program, and setting y_days of
a year to the calculated result of that year. If another thread is running
behind and reaches this that year later, it checks the value in y_days for
that year. If the value is not 0, it will skip that year.
However, just setting y_days to the result of the end of the calculation is
not enough. Because calculating the number of weekdays of one year will take some time,
and during this period, another thread might still pick up that year and
work on that year, because the y_days value is still 0. A simple way to stop
this mistake is to set y_days to -1 at the beginning of the calculation.
The program is also design to verify if a program can have more work done with
more threads. Here is the results of the program with different number of threads:
See the next sections for test results of this program.
